4 Common Types Of Essays You

4 Common Types Of Essays You Proofreading has a micro-focus on the details of your essay, such as formatting, grammar and punctuation. Editing focuses on the big picture elements such as overall structure, appropriate paragraphing and whether the question has been answered. Your lecturers will want to hear your ‘voice’ as they read your essay. View a text version of the redrafting your essay diagram above. Always save each draft as a separate file; then you can see how your essay develops and improves. Do the same thing for all the points that need academic references to support them. Read the abstract and ask yourself if the content of the article is likely to be relevant to your essay. Another option is to use an internet academic search engine such as Google Scholar. N.B. Make sure you are logged in to the library at your educational institution, so that you can use the full database capacities linked to Google Scholar. Once you are happy with your brainstorm you can use it to plan your essay. You also need to consider the length of your essay. In a 2000 word essay you can cover more points than in a 1000 word one! Directive or Instructional words tell you how to approach the essay. No specific correlation found in literature (Beckett, 2008; Lambert, 2009). Note the findings show that there is no clear relationship between chocolate and obesity â€" an issue flagged in the introduction. Typified by Mellor’s findings â€" adults showed no weight increase after chocolate controlled diet. Just tell what you need and let’s do this right now! Fill out the order form fields and make a payment. We’ll take the order from there to deliver strong texts which meet all the brief’s requirements. Sometimes an essay will begin with a direct quote to draw readers into the essay. Scope â€" where you outline what exactly is going to be covered in relation to your argument. View the text description of the above body paragraph example. You can then add examples and references to make your paragraph stronger. Lambert exemplified that chocolate consumption alone unlikely to precipitate obesity. Note the narrow focus of medical benefits (i.e. only considering magnesium) due to the short length of the essay. Plans can be structured/restructured at any time during the planning process. A plan is a physical outline of the way you intend to conceptualise, structure and present your ideas. Planning is an ongoing process, from when you receive the essay title to when you submit your final draft. As you can see from the assignment planning calculator, if you only start your essay a few days before the due date, you will have to do things too quickly. Before you begin your essay, have a look at the Massey University assignment planning calculator. View a text version of the above proofreading and editing your essay considerations. All the videos have captions that you can view on YouTube. Your paper will be reviewed by an editor before you get it. Information is sent and received using the latest data transmission and storage technologies. Choose any billing service supported and make a payment without hesitation. From a 5-paragraph essay to a 100-page dissertation, we’ve got you covered. Writers could fulfill an essay within 6 hours or even faster. End with a broad statement relating to the significance of your argument. Your paragraphs should link together â€" use connective words, both within and between paragraphs, to keep a sense of cohesion and linkage. Issue â€" where you outline the specific issues that are relevant to your essay. View the video, then try the essay exercises to test your knowledge! Watch the whole story, or see sections of the story below.

Importance Of Ethics In Different Fields - Free Essay Example

Computer Ethics The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) is the systematization, defense and approval of ideas of appropriate and inappropriate actions. Nowadays, thinkers usually divide ethical ideas into three general matters: metaethics, normative ethics and ethics. Metaethics investigates the historical roots and understanding of our moral principles. Are they social inventions alone? Does it involve more than expressions of our emotions? Metaethical responses to these questions deal with the issues of universal truths, Gods will, the role of reason in ethical and moral decisions, and the meaning of ethical terms. Normative ethics suggests a more realistic task of achieving moral values that regulate positive and negative conduct. This may involve outlining the healthy habits we should develop, the practices we should undertake, or the impacts of our conduct on everyone else. By using the philosophical methods of metaethics and regulatory ethics, dialogues in applied ethics attempt to fix these sensitive issues. The differences between metaethics, regulatory ethics and applied ethics are often blurred. For example, the issue of abortion is an ethical dilemma because it involves a certain sort of controversial conduct. But It often hinges on more general normative values, such as the right to self-government and the right to libert y. If you think that ethics is all about living a more moral and principled life, you have to practice it everywhere, even in the computer field, where you would sooner or later face a software piracy dilemma. When we speak of computer ethics, software piracy reflects pornography, spamming, unauthorized access to someone elses computer and first and foremost hacking in our minds. What then is computer ethics? As with the moral code of conduct in routine matters, computer ethics relates to the behavior of computer professionals and ordinary computer users in computers and the Internet. Computer ethics, also known as the ethics of information technology, addresses the moral and ethical application of computer applications, software and data storage. Computer ethics is becoming increasingly important because of the increasing number of cybercrime issues, including software piracy, unauthorized access, pornography, spamming, target marketing and hacking. The wide scale stature and use of th e World wide web raises a series of challenges such as cybercrime and safety. Some of the prominent advantages of malware, spyware, freeware and web browser cookies are web applications that stimulate discussion of the significance of ethical behavior in advanced technology. Even though incidents of intentionally malicious acts of immoral computer behavior are certainly not lacking, the majority of ethical shortcomings are simply due to the lack of user safety and the lack of organization stature. There are different types of issues in Computer Ethics, the most notable ones are listed below. TYPES OF ISSUES IN COMPUTER ETHICS: Computer Crime: Computer crime is an intellectual crime of white collar. Those who commit these crimes must be sufficiently intelligent to manipulate and access a computer system. An example of computer crime is the use of computers to steal money. The worst thing a thief can do is often that he / she only has the money he / she has stolen. This person is often fired if he / she is an employee, but his / her ability allows a competitor to hire him / her quickly. This makes it almost impossible to prevent computer robbery, as legal action is not often taken against the perpetrator. Another example is unauthorized access to your computer. The perpetrator can steal a companys trade secrets and data by entering an unauthorized computer. Such a crime could be committed by a worker who wants to sell these secrets to a competitor in order to promote his or her own well- being. This offence involves an invasion of property and confidentiality and also impacts the system itself. This crime is part of the pur pose of hacking. Hacking is defined as any computer activity that is not sanctioned or approved by a system or network owner.   Such an activity addresses the ethical dilemma of who possesses information and who should have access to it. Computer science lecturers at many universities have their students demonstrate their serious computer skills in the university system. This creates a serious dilemma for ethics. Since students arent really destructive to the system, can this measure be denounced or acknowledged ethically? Many computer professionals believe that this act is not investigated ethically and that computer science teachers must tackle computer ethics more fervently in their classes. Privacy Another field of computer ethics concerns privacy. The issue of privacy focuses on the most basic functions of the computer, its ability to store, organize and exchange records. A great deal of concern is the amount of information collected by computers. This puts personal information about individuals in a vulnerable position. All this information is available to him or her if someone accesses into a computer system. In this way, offences such as identity theft can occur. In addition, the effect of a minor error can be doubled if stored information can be easily swapped. Such errors can remain indefinitely in the system. Computers are responsible for creating the possibility that incidents in ones life or errors in ones records will deeply affect ones perception and treatment. This effervescence appears to have lost people control over their lives and information about them. Computer- based records do seem to have both good and bad consequences. One good consequence is that the requirement for information of an organization suggests that access to relevant information could improve decision- making and therefore make organizations more useful. This, in turn, gives the individual a positive outcome because better services or savings could be achieved. There are still bad consequences, however. These refer to the fact that Information is used to make individual decisions and such decisions may be based on information that is irrelevant and incorrect. There is no way to ensure that this access to information makes fair use of the authority exercised by organizations. The need for information from an organization and the interests of the individual should therefore be balanced. Ethical responsibility of IT pros Yet another source of concern is the understanding of computer systems by professionals in the computer profession. Computer specialists can act in one of two ways: if it is unknown, assume that case in the public domain until evidence is found that it is not; or suspect that, unless undisclosed or uncertain, information is confidential. It is beneficial for a professional to adopt the second rule because it allows the professional to protect himself against ethical inconsistencies, while the first allows for a greater chance of moral breach. There are numerous reasons why computer professionals complain about this distribution of power. Firstly, growing responsibility on the shoulders of some often tends to lead to the exploitation of others, and this is an ethical dilemma. Computer professionals should be required to use the info they have access to carefully, but some have chosen to use this information recklessly at the cost of others. A professional computers real strength is al so a threat because it is properly centralized. Computers actually allow large amounts of information, as explained above, to be stored in a small area. This centralization was rightly concerned because people argued that there is a constant battle between government and citizens in a free democracy, so that the control and input of citizens can become less and less efficient as law enforcement agencies become more and more strong. Some people fear that their privacy will be compromised if the government has too much influence and power. Those who dont want to see computers in government, but in peoples hands, oppose centralization. This idea of centralization corresponds to the idea that technology helps to distance itself. Alienation is linked to the loss of control in the world you live in. This is clear because computers have taken over jobs that once belonged to people thanks to advances in modern technology. This technology has shifted from computer professionals to the thinki ng of ethical decisions of the business world. IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER ETHICS Prevents Misuse of Personal Information: Computers, whether individuals or professionals, brought the world closer. Most of us find buying more easy than leaving online. We must provide our personal information, such as name, date of birth and, most importantly, credit card information! If you know that people do not obey computer ethics everywhere, would you feel secure to share all this information? You know that your personal information is not misused in accordance with cyber laws and regulations and computer principles. Prevents Theft of Intellectual Property What does intellectual property actually mean? Well, unlike physical property like home or car, intellectual property refers to the property that the mind creates! The Internet has multiple intellectual properties, such as works by researchers, editors, artists, and so on. Without it, the work produced by the intellect of one individual can easily be copied and used by another. Globalization: Today, computer and technology ethics are rapidly transforming into a wider social and more important profession, which may reasonably be called global information ethics. Social Media and the world – the wide web connects people around the globe. Attempts to establish common ethical standards and attempts have been made to help develop mutually acceptable ethical standards and efforts to encourage and protect moral principles in a truly international sense. Global Cyber business: The world is very close to having technology that can provide electronic privacy and security on the internet. The technology will be sufficient to safely conduct international business transactions. Once it is in place, there will be a rapid growth of cyber business all over the world. Nations who already have a technological infrastructure will enjoy rapid economic growth, leaving everyone behind in the process. Keeps you from being Unethical: You dont have to use computer ethics to prove to the world. However, by adopting this ethics you would know what to do to be a responsible user and avoid unethical issues. Are you disturbed? Well, yes, there are several laws that can put you behind bars if you breach each websites privacy policy and requirements. Computer ethics cannot be imposed on you, your own will and desire must be fulfilled. You and your ethical values talk a lot about how to use your computer to access information. What would you do if you had the password of your friend? Would you ask him or her to change it because you discovered it mistakenly, or would you try to get some information you shouldnt? There are two different types of people in this world, one who follows the rules and respects them, and the others who dont really care. Should you be concerned about ethics to be a responsible citizen? Youre choosing it! However, if you are actually caught, be assured that the authorities wont care about you as well! In the end it can be said that following ethics is important in every field, be it technology or anything else because it provides certain safety measures, its protects people from being used for certain purposes, it helps build relationship between different members of the society. Moreover, it creates a sense of awareness that what is right and what is wrong. In today’s world, the use of technology has increased and people have started using technology to hurt people around them or to bring them down or to make them feel inferior. It’s better to use the resources available to us for a better purpose rather than misusing it and creating chaos in the society. If we make better use of the things available to us, we can all progress well and achieve heights in life that we never imagined. Sometimes we have to think from different perspective, use our imagination and make efforts to achieve something real in life. If we follow computer ethics, we can protect our privacy as well the privacy of others and keep the globe safe from un expected global internet issues.

Stock Prices in Insurance Industry After Hurricane Katrina

Effect of hurricane katrina on insurance industry stock prices Abstract This study tests the efficient market theory by measuring the effects of Hurricane Katrina, one of the most deadly and destructive natural disasters to occur in the United States, on stock prices in insurance industry. It hypothesizes that insurance providers who offer services in the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina should incur a loss in the market-price of their stock following the natural disaster. This event study analyzed fifteen publicly-traded major insurance providers and the risk-adjusted rate of return on their stock before and after the date of dissipation of the hurricane, observed as August 30th, 2005. Results show stock returns, although†¦show more content†¦The study tests how quickly the fifteeninsurance companies’ stock prices reacted to Hurricane Katrina leading up to and subsequent toAugust 30, 2005, which is observed as the date of dissipation. To test whether or not the hurricane had an effect on the insurance industry stock prices, observatio ns of the fifteen companies’ daily prices and the corresponding daily Samp;P 500 Index from one hundred eighty days prior to the event date, August 30, 2005, and thirty days subsequent to the date. To test the market efficiency theory in respect to Hurricane Katrina and to analyze the effect of the storm on stock prices leading up to and after the event, this study proposes the following null and alternate hypotheses: H10: The risk adjusted return of the stock price of the fifteen insurance companies is not significantly affected by the effects of Hurricane Katrina. H11: The risk adjusted return of the stock price of the fifteen insurance companies is significantly negatively affected by the effects of Hurricane Katrina H20: The risk adjusted return of the stock price of the fifteen insurance companies is not significantly affected by the effects of Hurricane Katrina and the event period. H21: The risk adjusted return of the stock price of the fifteen insurance companies is significantly negatively affected by the effects of Hurricane Katrina and the event period. This study uses the standard riskShow MoreRelatedIntroduction Of Katrina Vs. Sandy2040 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction of Katrina vs. Sandy Natural disaster currently has become a large part of US economy, from tornadoes, fire, floods and hurricanes. These natural disasters have lead to death of people but also a billion dollar damage to several cities or states. 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Engineering and Business

Question: Write an essay on Engineering Management? Answer: Introduction In the context of the engineering and business, (Acar et. al, 2014) discusses that New Product Development (NPD) is the process of doing the development of the new services or the product. In this development it considers some of the preliminary steps in doing the development of the services and the product (Kodama and Shibata, 2013). This process needs to be done to do the development of the new items and also needs to done the improvement of the existing products. As commented by (Blauth et al, 2014), the business analysis will gives the possibilities to do the determination of the costs on the basis of the proposed plan of the new product development. In this assignment it does the selection and the discussion of the advantages and the disadvantages of the Japanese approach of the product development by comparing with the UK approach (Blauth et al, 2014). Review, Analysis and the Selection of the appropriate NPD methodology In the context of the new product developments methodology, (Hamilton, 2014) discusses that the product becomes new to the market on the basis of the mentioned situations: development of the new product lines, to improve and to revise the existing products, doing the repositioning and does the reduction of the cost of the product (Racela, 2015). Before introducing the products in to the market it needs to undergo some of the development stages (Kodama and Shibata, 2013): generation of the ideas of the product development, screening of the ideas, development and the testing of the ideas, analysis on the business background, market testing and beta testing of the product, technical implementation of the product, commercialization and the pricing strategy of the new product. (HODGKINSON and HUGHES, 2014) stated that to do the selection of the development methodology of the new product it needs to done the proper analysis of the requirements on the basis of both the performance and the f unctional attributes of the product (Racela, 2015). Then it needs to done both the plan and the proposal so that it can do the better estimation which needs to be more accurate. It also needs to done the review of the design phase by comparing all the requirements of the product development (Blauth, Mauer and Brettel, 2014). It also needs to done the presentation phase of the product development by getting all the approximation of the final products on the basis of the software, electrical and mechanical (Blauth et al, 2014). In the prototype implementation phase, it needs to done the customer acceptance of all the activities of the design review on the basis of the requirements of the development of the products. Then it needs to done the development on the basis of the manufacturing so that it can increase the profits of the products (HODGKINSON and HUGHES, 2014). In the context of the new product development, (Jafarian and Bashiri, 2014) discusses that there are two possible ways for the development of the new product: one is basically related to the product design and also the idea generation, the other is on the basis of the research and the analysis of the market. In the UK approach of the product development, it gets prioritized with the various concerns which include addressing of the participation of the organization on the basis of the security (Jafarian and Bashiri, 2014. On the other hand in the context of the Japanese approach, (Keeffe and McHugh, 2014) commented that the product development of the Japanese approach has undergoes throughout the large numbers of the changes. In the Japanese approach the main objective of the product development is to deliver the varieties of the strategies on the basis of the high level technologies, it also helps to minimize the occurrence of the problems (Novack, 2014). Furthermore, the Japanese ap proach mainly focuses on the designing the process to do the improvement of the productivity, decreasing the costs and by increasing the quality (Blauth et al, 2014). Gantt chart of the new product development plan Main activities/ stages Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Topic Selection Data collection from secondary sources Creating layout Literature review Analysis of the appropriate NPD methodology Selection of the Appropriate NPD methodology Analysis in respect of the literature review Summary on the basis of the literature review Summary of the findings analysis of the literature Conclusion of the Study Formation of Rough Draft Submission of Final Work Literature review on the basis of the Japanese approach of the product development In the context of the industry and the business world (Yuen, 2014), the new product development is used to give the description of the full process from the starting of the new process or the services to the marketing. In the context of the literature review, (Blauth, Mauer and Brettel, 2014) argued that in the development of the new product it mainly involves with the idea generation, the detailed and the design view of the product on the basis of the research and the analysis of the targeted market (HODGKINSON and HUGHES, 2014). From the perspective of the UK approach of the new product development, the assessment is only on the basis of the development issues. On the other hand, (Kodama and Shibata, 2013) commented that the success factors of the development of the new product mainly involve the improvement of the performance and also the development of the qualities of the products. This type of the development mainly enhanced the improvements of the product technologies (Keeffe and McHugh, 2014). The approach of the product development of Japan is mainly related to the basic factors of the development of the products which include promotion of the qualities of the product and also the design of the product (Novack, 2014). The major objectives are to make secure of the long term goals of the industrial market. However on the other side of the UK approach (Kiss and Barr, 2014) discusses that it does the development of the products on the basis of the researches, government firms and also the contribution of the companies. In the UK approach of the product development, the development of the product is mainly on the basis of the government policies (Keeffe and McHugh, 2014. Analysis and the summary of the literature review In the context of the new product development, (Kiss and Barr, 2014) augmented that by doing the referring of the various issues of both the Japanese approach and the UK approach of the development of the new product is mainly giving the focuses on the various standard trends on the basis of which it can meets the market demands (Melander and Lakemond, 2014). While on the other words, in the UK approach it mainly gives the focuses on the basis of the security policies (Kodama and Shibata, 2013). On the primary basis the development of the new product will helps to meet the demand of the market and also the challenges of the needs of the consumers because it makes the possible ways in order to achieve the goals of the future. Kodama and Shibata, 2013) states that in doing the development of the market strategies it needs to give the description of the structure, size and also the behavior of the market on the basis market share and the profit goals. It also needs to done the analysis of the long run basis sales and the strategies of the marketing mix (Melander and Lakemond, 2014). By doing the analysis of the summary it finds that on the primary basis the new product development needs to meet the market demand and the challenges and also the consumer needs so that it helps to do the achievement of the future goals (Kiss and Barr, 2014). Summary and conclusion In the context of the business and engineering, (Blauth, Mauer and Brettel, 2014) commented that the basic objectives of this assignment is mainly on the basis of the development of the new product. It also does the introduction and the creation of the knowledge and also helps to do the development of the strategies so that it becomes easy to do the improvement and the promotion of the process of the new product development. Furthermore, (Liboni et al., 2014) argued that the development of the new product on the basis of the development of the better means of the product. The Japanese framework of the new product development helps to do the achievement of the success (Kodama and Shibata, 2013). However in this study (Yuen, 2014), it does the exploration of the UK approach which makes it more effective on the basis of the market position of the industrial companies. In this paper it also revealed some of the government policies on the basis of the UK approach (Kodama and Shibata, 2013). In the context of the Japanese approach it conducts both the power and the strength strategies towards the development of the product development on the basis of the market demand. In this assignment it also reflects both the advantages and the disadvantages of the Japanese approach by doing the comparison of the traditional UK approach (Blauth, Mauer and Brettel, 2014). Reference List Acar, W., Burns, A. and Datta, P. (2014). Explicit Knowledge Transfers in New Product Development. International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences, 5(4), pp.16-50. Blauth, M., Mauer, R. and Brettel, M. (2014). Fostering Creativity in New Product Development through Entrepreneurial Decision Making. Creativity and Innovation Management, 23(4), pp.495-509. Hamilton, M. (2014). UK Value-Based Assessment: Will Scotland's Smc Approach It In The Same Way?. Value in Health, 17(7), p.A442. HODGKINSON, I. and HUGHES, P. (2014). STRATEGY CONTENT AND PUBLIC SERVICE PROVIDER PERFORMANCE IN THE UK: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH. Public Administration, p.n/a-n/a. Jafarian, M. and Bashiri, M. (2014). Supply chain dynamic configuration as a result of new product development. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 38(3), pp.1133-1146. KAYÃ…Â ¾IN, Ã…Â ¾. (2014). An Technical Apporach to Gnter Grass Novel Crabwalk. KA Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Dergisi. Keeffe, G. and McHugh, I. (2014). IDEAhaus: A Modular Approach to Climate Resilient UK Housing. Buildings, 4(4), pp.661-682. Kiss, A. and Barr, P. (2014). New Product Development Strategy Implementation Duration and New Venture Performance: A Contingency-Based Perspective. Journal of Management. Kiss, A. and Barr, P. (2014). New Product Development Strategy Implementation Duration and New Venture Performance: A Contingency-Based Perspective. Journal of Management. Kodama, M. and Shibata, T. (2013). Research into ambidextrous RD in product development new product development at a precision device maker: a case study. Technology Analysis Strategic Management, 26(3), pp.279-306. Ku, Sang-wuk, (2014). Platform Strategy for New Product Development: The Mediating Effect of Product Platform Strategy in the Korean High Technology Industry. journalofdistributionandmanagementresearch, 17(2), pp.17-28. Liboni, L., Cezarino, L., Caldana, A. and Donaires, O. (2014). Diagnosing Failure in an Organizational Strategic Alliance for New Product Development. Syst. Res., p.n/a-n/a. Lin, B. and Wesseh Jr., P. (2014). Energy consumption and economic growth in South Africa reexamined: A nonparametric testing apporach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, pp.840-850. Melander, L. and Lakemond, N. (2014). Variation of purchasing's involvement: case studies of supplier collaborations in new product development. International Journal of Procurement Management, 7(1), p.103. Novack, G. (2014). Eyes on New Product Development. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 30(1), pp.2-3. Oltean, E. (2014). An Econophysical Dynamic Approach of Expenditure and Income Distribution in the UK. American Journal of Physics and Applications, 2(3), p.73. Racela, O. (2015). Viable strategy configurations and new product development capability and performance. Asia Pac Jnl of Mrkting Log, 27(2), pp.249-266. Yu, X., Chen, Y. and Nguyen, B. (2014). Knowledge Management, Learning Behavior from Failure and New Product Development in New Technology Ventures. Syst. Res, 31(3), pp.405-423. Yuen, K. (2014). Fuzzy Cognitive Network Process: Comparisons With Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process in New Product Development Strategy. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 22(3), pp.597-610.

Stages of Personality Development

Introduction Personality refers to the characteristics of an individual that sets him/her apart from other individuals when subjected to varying circumstances. The development of personality is as a result of the interaction between an individual’s genetic composition and the surrounding. Personality development begins even before birth and is influenced by many external factors.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Stages of Personality Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many theories have been invented to explain the concept of personality development. This discussion explores the stages of personality development developed by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. The psychoanalytic theory was developed by Sigmund Freud and dealt with the emotional development from a sexual perspective. This theory was later modified by Erik Erikson who focused on the role of social interactions in personality develo pment. Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory According to Sigmund Freud’s theory, a developing child has a particular â€Å"erogenous zones† like the anus, mouth and genitals that are sensitive at each stage. Therefore, a child focuses on what stimulates his â€Å"erogenous zones† at each stage. The needs of a child at each stage need to be met, otherwise he/she will end up getting stuck in that stage and this will affect him in adulthood. Freud came up with five stages of development which include the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages (Engler, 2008). The oral stage commences when a child is born. This stage lasts for about one and half years. At this stage, the mouth is the main point of focus for the child and the child spends most of the time sucking and trying to put everything in the mouth. At this stage, the ego and superego are not yet fully developed and, therefore, the child uses the id. With time, the baby realizes that satisfaction of its needs might not occur immediately and, therefore, he/she must behave in a certain way in order to speed it up. For instance, a baby cries when he/she wants the needs to be satisfied. When a baby is weaned, he/she experiences a sense of loss and the baby realizes that he/she must not always get what he/she wants. A child whose demands are not met at this stage develops a personality of sarcasm, envy, pessimism, and suspicion. Too much or too little oral satisfaction has a negative impact. A person who gets stuck in this stage may develop habits like biting nails and chewing things like pens as an adult. Someone who does not get enough oral satisfaction at this stage may also develop habits of eating and drinking excessively. However, a child whose needs are met at this stage ends up being optimistic and admires the surrounding environment (Engler, 2008). The anal stage begins when the child is about one and half years; when he/she starts getting trained on how to use the toil et. At this stage, the child’s focus is on expelling body wastes. A child may choose either to expel or retain the waste. The way in which the parents handle this conflict determines its resolution.Advertising Looking for term paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This crisis gets resolved when the child manages to adjust to the demands of the parents and the parents handle the child reasonably. Thus, with time the child will understand the importance of being orderly and clean, and will, therefore, end up being an adult with self control. If the parents are very harsh when training the child to use the toilet, the child may choose to comply and develop a personality of orderliness. However, a child who refuses to comply with the demands of the parents ends up being disorderly in future. A child who enjoys excreting irresponsibly will end up being careless, reckless, messy, defiant, and disorganized. On t he other hand, a child who enjoys prolonging the retention of body wastes ends up being orderly, miserly, stubborn, precise, and neat. This stage lasts for around two years (Larsen and Buss, 2009). Next is the phallic stage in which the child’s attention is on the genital area. The children become aware of the differences in their bodies and that of other children of the opposite sex. At this stage the child is obsessed with the parent of the opposite sex and desires to get rid of the other one. A male child will desire to possess the mother but sees his father as a hindrance. He starts getting envious of the father who he sees as his rival in the competition for the mother’s love. However, the boy is afraid that the father might castrate him. When the boy realizes that he cannot possess the mother, he tries to be like his father so that he can win her. Therefore, he tries to acquire the characteristics of his father. Thus, he learns his male sexual role, and this mark s the resolution of the crisis. On the other hand, the female child realizes that she does not have a penis and starts longing to have one. She blames her mother for her lack of a penis and develops â€Å"penis envy†. She feels that she cannot own the mother since she does not have a penis. When she realizes that she cannot get the mother, she gets attracted to the father. The girl learns her sexual role by trying to become like the mother so as to possess the father. Thus, the conflict is resolved. Failure to resolve this conflict may lead to women having very low self esteem, a desire to prove that they are superior to men or developing habits of flirting with men. For the men, failure to overcome this stage leads to them having high aspirations and arrogance. Failure to resolve the conflicts in this stage and identify with the parent of the same sex leads to recklessness, pride, fear of close love, and conditions like homosexuality (Larsen and Buss, 2009). The next stage i s the latency period in which the child’s sexual desires remain inactive. At this stage, children focus on other activities like games, schooling, and making friendships of the same sex. This stage occurs just before puberty. Failure to overcome the conflicts in the phallic stage might affect an individual in this stage and prevent him/her from engaging in the expected activities (Larsen and Buss, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Stages of Personality Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The next stage is the genital stage. At this stage, a child’s attention shifts back to the genitals and he/she starts making friendships with people from the opposite sex. At this stage, individuals try to detach themselves from parents and deal with the conflicts that were not resolved in the earlier stages. A child who resolved all the conflicts in the phallic stage will have healthy and proper relationships with the members of the opposite sex. However, a child who did not overcome the conflicts at that stage will end up having troubled relationships with the opposite sex (Larsen and Buss, 2009). Sigmund Freud’s theory has several weaknesses. Firstly, personality cannot be developed only on the basis of sexuality. Erik Erikson also does not agree on the concept of basing personality development on sexual drive alone. Moreover, the stages of development are not supported by any scientific data but on case studies. Contrary to Freud’s theory that an individual cannot have the ego and superego from an early age, studies show that these entities are evident in children earlier than at the ages he suggested (Ewen, 1998). Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Erikson also believes that personality development occurs in stages. However, he does not agree with Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages. He believes that personality development occurs as a result of social interaction with the environment. Through interaction with the environment, human beings develop an ego. At each stage of development, an individual is concerned with getting competent. If one manages to go through a stage successfully, their ego will be boosted and they will develop a sense of competence. However, failure to manage the stage properly will result in a feeling of insufficiency. At each stage, an individual goes through a conflict that can either build or destroy their personality (Engler, 2008). The first stage of personality development is that of trust or mistrust and occurs since a child is born up to when he/she attains the age of one year. At this stage the child is helpless and depends entirely on others to take care of him/her. The infant will develop feelings of either trust or mistrust depending on the care that he/she receives from the parents. If the people taking care of the child are able to efficiently take care of the child, he/sh e will develop trust and will always feel secure and safe. However, if the parents of the child show rejection and neglect to the child, he/she will develop mistrust and will have feelings of insecurity. This child might develop depression as a child and this may go on even in adulthood (Larsen and Buss, 2009).Advertising Looking for term paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The next stage is when the children develop as sense to control the functions of the body and a sense of autonomy. This occurs between the ages of one and three. Children begin to make choices between food, clothes and toys. During this stage, a child can either develop a personality of autonomy or that of doubt or shame. A child who exercises autonomy is always exploring the surrounding environment and trying to make new discoveries on his/her own. A child who develops feelings of doubt or shame is less confident and is less interested in exploring new surroundings. If a child successfully goes through this stage, he/she will develop feelings of security and confidence in future. Those who do not manage this stage well end up with feelings of insufficiency and doubt all their lives (Newman and Newman, 2007). Before children begin going to school, they go through another stage where they can develop feelings of either initiative or guilt. This is usually between ages three and six. At this stage the children develop their personality by interacting with others through playing and other activities. Those who develop feelings of initiative will tend to perform tasks to completion. However, children who develop a sense of guilt will be reluctant to express themselves and their interests and unwilling to try out challenging tasks. If a child manages through this stage, they will develop feelings of capability and a sense of leadership. Those who do not successfully go through this stage will end up feeling guilty, doubtful of their abilities, and devoid of inventiveness (Loevinger, 1997). Between the age of five to eleven years, children go through a stage of industry or inferiority. Through interacting with others, children begin to take pride in their achievements and talents. Children who develop feelings of industry like taking responsibilities because they believe in their abilities. On the other hand, children who develop feelings of inferiority at this stag e hate responsibilities because they doubt their ability in completing those assignments satisfactorily. The parents, teachers, and other people can contribute to the development of feelings of either inferiority or industry. If children receive encouragement from their teachers and parents because of their abilities and achievements, they will develop feelings of proficiency and confidence in their abilities. However, those who do not receive any support from teachers or parents end up doubting their capability to succeed in life (Loevinger, 1997). The next stage occurs during adolescence and individuals can either develop a sense of identity or confusion. This happens between ages 12 to 18. Individuals who feel a sense of identity will have a sense of direction in life and will be very sure about what they would like to become in life. For this reason, they go through this stage with their minds focused on achieving that purpose and their self esteem will be high. However, individ uals who feel a sense of confusion will lead a life devoid of purpose or direction and will not be sure about what they want to become in life. Such individuals will not be aiming to achieve any goals in life and will be leading a life without any future plans. These individuals’ self esteem is likely to be low. At this stage, individuals discover themselves and if they get sufficient support, they develop a good sense of independence, self consciousness, and control. Those who do not successfully go through this stage will end up being unsure about their lives and will remain confused and insecure in future (Loevinger, 1997). The next stage is early adulthood, between 18 to 35 years, where individuals start developing personal relationships. At this stage, people can either develop a sense of intimacy or that of isolation. People who manage to develop healthy relationships at this stage end up having secure and committed relationships in future. These individuals will be abl e to form stable relationships that can end up in marriage. However, those who fail at this stage end up having poor relationships and feelings of loneliness, depression, and isolation. Such people will have very few friends and will find it difficult to be involved in serious relationships that could lead to marriage (Larsen and Buss, 2009). When an individual enters adulthood, he/she can either develop a personality of generativity or stagnation. During this stage, people build their families and careers. A person who develops feelings of generativity will tend to be involved in some sort of productive work and will have an attitude of helping others. An individual who experiences stagnation will not be engaged in productive work and will be reluctant to help others. People who are successful in their careers and family life will end up feeling productive since they are contributing to the society. However, those who do not succeed in their careers and family life will end up feel ing fruitless and unproductive in life (Larsen and Buss, 2009). The final stage of personality development according to Erikson occurs in old age. In this stage, individuals look back at how they have lived through their lives and may develop feelings of either despair or integrity. Individuals who look at their life and feel that they have accomplished their purpose develop feelings of honor and satisfaction and will have few or no regrets. As they near their death, they feel at peace and feel that they have accomplished everything that they ever wanted to. Therefore, they do not fear to die as there is nothing that they would wish to change if they were given another chance. They are absolutely contented with the way they lived their lives. On the other hand, people who at this stage look back and feel that they have wasted their lives and have not accomplished their dreams will have regrets. They will wish that they had lived their lives differently. Consequently, they will end u p feeling bitter and desperate. They may develop a feeling that life is worthless. These people also fear death as they wish for another chance or more time to live so that they can do things differently and correct the mistakes that they made in the past (Loevinger, 1997). Even though Erikson’s theory of personality development has enhanced people’s understanding of social development, it has some weaknesses. The theory is unclear and does not state the real causes of personality development. It does not give a clear explanation about the factors that make individuals to develop in various ways and the impact of each stage on an individual’s personality. The theory also does not clearly explain the method of overcoming the crises at each stage and moving on to the next. It also does not state what an individual is supposed to do in order to successfully go through the problems experienced at each stage (Newman and Newman, 2007). Moreover, all the stages do not match with the stages that all individuals go through in life. In some cultures, there is very little time between childhood and adulthood to discover one’s identity since the individuals are married off at an early age. In other communities, an individual has no freedom to make choices as most of them are made by the parents, for instance, choice of career or marriage partner (Newman and Newman, 2007). Conclusion From the above discussion, it is clear that many theories have been invented to explain the stages that individuals go through in developing their personalities. Sigmund Freud felt that an individual goes through five stages that are influenced by the sexual drive. On the other hand, Erik Erikson differed with Freud’s theory and invented eight stages of personality development that are influenced by the interaction of an individual with the surrounding. However, both theories have their shortcomings and have been criticized by other people. Both theories of p ersonality development might differ but at least the two agree on some things; like the fact that personality does not develop at once but over time and in distinct stages. Reference List Engler, B. (2008). Personality Theories: An Introduction (8th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Ewen, R. B. (1998). Personality, a Topical Approach: Theories, Research, Major Controversies, and Emerging Findings. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Larsen, R.J., and Buss, D. M. (2009). Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Loevinger, J. (1997). Stages of personality development. Handbook of personality psychology, (pp. 199-208). Newman, B.M., and Newman, P.R. (2007). Theories of Human Development. USA: Routledge. This term paper on Stages of Personality Development was written and submitted by user Jul1us to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Comprised of Revisited

Comprised of Revisited â€Å"Comprised of† Revisited â€Å"Comprised of† Revisited By Maeve Maddox More than one reader has chided me for writing â€Å"comprised of† in a recent post. Here’s the culprit: In the ancient Roman army, a centurion was the officer in charge of a century, a unit originally comprised of 100 men. Anyone who has ever read a popular language blog has seen this dictum stated as an adamantine rule: One must never use the phrase comprised of. I’ve certainly read many articles that explain in great detail why â€Å"comprised of† is not only merely wrong, but really, most sincerely wrong. I was on the verge of writing to Daniel to ask him to change comprised to composed, but then I read my sentence again and had to admit that I don’t see anything wrong with it. Plenty of other writers reach for â€Å"comprised of† without remembering that it’s a no-no. The usage is found in edited articles published in The American Scholar, The Atlantic, The Christian Science Monitor, The New Yorker, The New York Times, and The Washington Post. This confession from Francine Prose, a contributing editor to the Oxford American Writer’s Thesaurus and author of a string of books published by the world’s most prestigious publishing houses, illustrates the writer’s dilemma: It has been pointed out to me, more often than I care to admit, that you can say: The book comprises five sections. But you should not say: The book is comprised of five sections. In the second example, use compose instead: The book is composed of five sections. I have lost hope of ever getting it straight, so for now I find synonyms, and wait for so many others to make the same mistake that- as so often happens- grammarians simply give up, and decide that both usages are correct. I mistrust a rule of usage that is not only supremely forgettable but also targets a phrase that writers of formal English have been using for centuries. Even respected language commentators who officially uphold the notion that â€Å"comprised of† must not be used with the meaning of â€Å"consists of† recognize the hopelessness of remembering this particular â€Å"rule†: And no one will mind if you avoid â€Å"comprise.† Just say, â€Å"made up of.† Mignon Fogarty, Grammar Girl. But there’s so much confusion surrounding the usage of [comprise] that it may be better to avoid it altogether. Paul Brians, Common Errors in English Usage. The editors at Oxford Dictionaries Online state that â€Å"comprised of† is â€Å"more or less synonymous† with â€Å"consists of† and that this usage is â€Å"part of standard English.† The Oxford English Dictionary- without any indication that the usage is nonstandard- includes this definition for the â€Å"passive form† of comprise: â€Å"To be composed of, to consist of.† The earliest OED citation for this use is dated 1874. Several linguistic discussions of the topic reference earlier uses dating from 1704. Even the editors at Merriam-Webster, after defending the use of â€Å"comprised of† as acceptable usage, capitulate to the bogus rule: You should be aware, however, that if you use [â€Å"comprised of†] you may be subject to criticism for doing so, and you may want to choose a safer synonym such as  compose  or  make up. Geoff Nunberg calls the â€Å"comprised of† proscription â€Å"a pedant’s veto†: It doesn’t matter if you consider a word to be correct English. If some sticklers insist that its an error, the dictionaries and style manuals are going to counsel you to steer clear of it to avoid bringing down their wrath. That can be the prudent course, especially in an age when email and Web comment threads make things easy for what William Safire used to call the â€Å"gotcha gang.† All of us have our linguistic pet peeves, usage that produces â€Å"blackboard moments† of discomfort. They may not be defensible, but that doesn’t make them any less annoying to us. In deference to readers who cringe when they hear or see the phrase â€Å"comprised of,† I won’t use it in future DWT articles. But I will permit my centurion sentence to stand. Related post: Usage That Provokes â€Å"Blackboard Moments† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?Using Writing Bursts to Generate Ideas and Enthusiasm

The assessment for this module is an End Course Assessment (ECA) Essay

The assessment for this module is an End Course Assessment (ECA) constituting report based on the MINI case study - Essay Example This failure can have a profound negative impact on the brand equity of the parent or corporate brand. The second positive application of this strategy deals with the addition of a new brand in the brand portfolio of the parent company. This step gives a fresh outlook to the corporate brand portfolio and enables it to nurture a â€Å"Star†. This strategy, also gives some breathing space to the aging brands of the corporation, thereby extending the lifecycle of the entire brand portfolio. Let’s analyze the marketing strategy of MINI on pertinent dimensions: 4P’s Framework: The marketing mix or 4P’s, as they are called, reflects the important strategies of the organization regarding the product, price, promotion, and place (Fill, 2009). Product The product under consideration is the MINI car, which launched its new model in 2001. In addition to this model the company has the following brands of cars: New MINI, MINI One, MINI Cooper, Cooper S, Cooper D, MINI Convertible, MINI Clubman and MINI Countryman. Price The pricing method used by the company to appraise its cars is â€Å"value-based pricing†. This method of pricing is consistent with the strong brand equity of the car. Since the car is a symbol of a specific kind of lifestyle, therefore it carries immense value for the followers of this kind of lifestyle. These followers are willing to give extra when it comes to expressing their peculiar lifestyle. This makes MINI exclusive and inaccessible to every car buyer. Promotion Industry followers have always found MINI’s marketing campaigns to be very innovative, lively and peculiar. These attributes make these campaigns very successful. When MINI launched its new 2001 model, it employed adventure campaigns to enhance brand awareness. This campaign had at its core the concept of buzz marketing. By the use of this concept the company amplified its core association of: Excitement, Uniqueness and Fun. Through this campaign th e company very successfully raised the level of awareness of its brand, and created a word of mouth effect among its customer community. This campaign employed both traditional and contemporary marketing tools and tactics, for instance media houses were brought into this campaign, print and online advertising was done along with promotional material being planted in hot spots(important public centers). Through â€Å"Bondage Fetish leather†, the company extended its adventurous and likely nature. In this entire promotional campaign the company engaged its target audience and fan community. The company employed methods which led to their (audience and community) participation. In this endeavor the company also made use of digital community forums like social networking sites e.g. Face Book, Twitter, YouTube. One unique method used in this endeavor was MINI Space, which brought together the MINI community. This community used to engage in online conversations in the form of thre ads, to communicate their opinions about the car. Direct marketing tools like emails and instant messages were also used. A unique king of email was sent to customers, containing a game in it. This mail was very